A Map of Extra-Biblical Testimony
Witnesses to a Spreading Faith
It's often claimed there's no evidence for Jesus outside the Bible and early Christian writings, but many non-Christian historians and critics mention him. This chart shows each author, the period they were describing (e.g. Tacitus' Annals), and when they wrote. Marker colour indicates the writer's stance toward Christianity.  The chart mostly focuses on secular sources, but over the following three centuries Christian writers produced thousands of letters and commentaries, so extensive that the whole New Testament can be reconstructed four times over from their quotations alone
Map of early Christianity
Christian Expansion
Christian areas, ca. 300
Christianized, 300–600
Christianized, 600–800
Centers of diffusion
Writer's Stance
Hostile
Neutral
Official
Critical
Mixed (Rome)
8 ROME
1345671415
2 c. AD 112
11 AD 32–33
9 c. AD 30
8 AD 30 / 70
10 c. AD 30
13 c. AD 30
12 Babylonia ▸
The Sources
8 ROME · imperial capital · mixed stances
1Tacitus · Annals 15.44 — AD 64 · written c. AD 115–117
3Trajan · Epistles 10.97 — AD 112 · written AD 112
4Josephus · Antiquities 20.200 — AD 62 · written c. AD 93–94
5Josephus · Antiquities 18.63 — AD 30–33 · written c. AD 93–94
6Suetonius · Claudius 25.4 — AD 49 · written c. AD 121
7Suetonius · Nero 16.2 — AD 64 · written c. AD 121
14Galen · on Plato's Republic — 2nd c. · written c. AD 180
15Alexamenos graffito · Palatine — c. AD 30 · physical artifact, made c. AD 200 (disputed)
ELSEWHERE & BEYOND
2Pliny the Younger · Bithynia-Pontus — c. AD 112 · written c. AD 110–112
11Phlegon of Tralles · Tralles — AD 32–33 · written c. AD 137–140
9Lucian · Samosata, Syria — c. AD 30 · written c. AD 165
8Mara bar Serapion · Syria — AD 30 & 70 · written disputed, c. AD 73–3rd c.
10Thallus · E. Mediterranean — c. AD 30 · written disputed, perhaps c. AD 50s
13Celsus · Alexandria / Greek East — c. AD 30 · written c. AD 175–178
12Babylonian Talmud · Babylonia (off map) — c. AD 30 · redacted c. AD 500